Stanford University professor of physics Zhang Shouqi and his team published a major discovery in the journal Science: After 80 years of exploration, they finally discovered the existence of “Mayorana Fermiâ€.
Change the world's basic physics
In 1928, the British theoretical physicist Paul Dirac made an astonishing prediction that every elementary particle in the universe must have corresponding antiparticles. When the particles collide with the antiparticles, they annihilate each other and release energy. Sure enough, a few years later scientists discovered the first antimatter particle (ie, the electron antiparticle positron) and antimatter quickly became part of popular culture.
But in 1937, another famous physicist, Ettore Mayorana, proposed a new theory: he predicted that in a name of fermions (including protons, neutrons, electrons, neutrinos, and quarks) In the particle category, there should be a class of particles that do not have antiparticles themselves.
A research team including scientists at Stanford University now says that they have discovered conclusive evidence of Fermat's presence in Mayorana. Stanford University and the University of California teamed up to conduct a series of experiments on exotic materials in the laboratory and finally got this finding.
The research team was led by Xi Jing, an associate professor at the University of California, Irvine, and Wang Kanglong, a professor at the University of California, Los Angeles. They conducted the study according to a plan proposed by Zhang Shouqi and his colleagues at Stanford University. The team published their research results in the "Science" magazine published on July 20.
As a well-known theoretical physicist and one of the senior authors of this research paper, Zhang Shouyi said: “Our team accurately predicted where to find Mayorana Fermat and what to look for as conclusive evidence of such particles. This discovery ended one of the most comprehensive scientific investigations in the field of basic physics, and this search has spanned 80 years."
Zhang Shouyi also stated that the search for Maiorana Fermi is more for the consideration of knowledge, but this exploration has practical significance for the development of reliable quantum computers, although this future is still far away from us.
Zhang Shouyi’s team observed a special Mayorana fermion called “chiral†fermion because it only moves along one-dimensional paths in one direction. The researchers stated that although the experiments that produced the “chiral†Mayorana Fermi were very difficult to design and implement, the signals they produced were accurate.
Tom DeWerleux, director of the National Institute of Accelerator Laboratory Materials and Energy Research at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, said: "This study marks the climax of years of exploration of rival Mayorana Fermi." Principal investigator at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory.
Frank Witsk, a Nobel laureate and a theoretical physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said: "This seems to be a clear observation of something new." He did not participate in the study. "This is not surprising, because physicists have been thinking for a long time, that Mayorana Fermi may exist in the materials used in this experiment. However, they have never been put together before. Several elements have been combined to observe this new quantum particle in this clear and reliable way, which is a true milestone."
Finding "quasiparticles"
Mayorana's predictions apply only to fermions that do not contain charge, such as neutrons and neutrinos. Scientists have discovered antiparticles of neutrons, but they have good reason to believe that neutrinos may be their own antiparticles. There are currently four experiments underway, including the EXO- implementation at the Enthalpy Observatory in New Mexico, USA. 200 projects. However, these experiments are very difficult and it is estimated that there will be no answer within ten years.
About 10 years ago, scientists realized that in some experiments exploring the physics of materials, Mayorana Fermi was also produced, and a race to find Maiorana Fermi was started. What they are always looking for is “quasiparticlesâ€â€”particle-like excitations produced by the collective behavior of electrons in superconducting materials, which conduct electricity with 100% efficiency.
According to Einstein's famous E = mc2 equation, the process of generating these quasi-particles is similar to the way energy transforms into short-lived "virtual" particles in a vacuum and returns to energy again. Although quasi-particles are not like particles found in nature, they are still considered to be real Mayorana Fermions.
In the past five years, scientists have achieved some success with this method, and reported that they saw the signature of Mayorana Fermions in an experiment involving superconducting nanowires. But Zhang Shouyi said that in these cases, quasi-particles are “boundedâ€â€”fixed in a specific place, not in space and time, so it is difficult to judge whether the effects of other effects are not seen by the researchers. signal of.
Finding hard evidence
In a recent experiment at the University of California, Los Angeles and the University of California, Irvine, the team stacked two thin films of quantum materials (superconductors and magnetic topological insulators) and passed current through them all into a refrigerated vacuum chamber.
The uppermost film is a superconductor and the bottom is a topological insulator that conducts current only along the surface or edge, not through the middle. Putting them together creates a superconducting topology insulator where electrons move along two edges of a material surface that is free of resistance, much like a car on a highway.
Zhang Shouyi's idea is to adjust the topological insulator by adding a small amount of magnetic material. This causes the electrons to flow unidirectionally along one edge of the surface and then reverse the flow along the opposite edge. Then, the researchers swept a magnet over the stacked films. This slows the flow of electrons, stops and changes direction. These changes are not stable, but they occur on steep steps like the same steps on a stairway.
At certain stages of this cycle, the Maiolana quasiparticles emerged—pairs appear outside the superconducting layer and propagate like electrons along the edges of the topological insulator. Each member in the alignment particle is off track, allowing researchers to easily measure the flow of individual quasi-particles. Like electrons, their speed suddenly slows down, stopping and changing direction. These are precisely the researchers who have been looking for conclusive evidence.
Stanford University professor Gilorgio Greta had played an important role in the design and planning of the EXO-200. He stated that these experimental results are unlikely to affect efforts to determine whether a neutrino is its own antiparticle. .
Greta said: "The quasi-particles they observed were basically the excitations in a material that represented the Maiolana particles. But they are not elementary particles, but they are manufactured in a specially prepared material in an artificial way. This cannot happen in the Universe. On the other hand, neutrinos are everywhere, and if they are found to be Maiorana particles, we will prove with action that Nature not only makes such particles become Probably, and they have been used to fill the universe.â€
He added: "More interestingly, the analogy in physics has proved to be very strong evidence, even if they are very different things, very different processes, maybe we can use one to understand the other, We may find something that we find interesting too."
"Angel particles"
Zhang Shouyi, in the future, Mayorana Fermi can be used to build powerful quantum computers that are not overwhelmed by environmental noise. Since each Mayorana fermion is basically equivalent to only half of the subatomic particles, the information content of one qubit can be stored in two separate Mayorana fermions, which in turn reduces some of the possible disturbances. Opportunities also make them lose the information they carry.
Zhang Shouyi temporarily referred to the contents of the 2000 bestselling book “Angels and Demons†and named the chiral Mayorana Fermi, discovered by his team, as “Angel Particles.†In this bestseller, a secret organization plans to blow up the Vatican with a time bomb. The power of this bomb comes from the reaction of material and antimatter. Zhang Shouyi pointed out that unlike the plot in the book, in the "quantum world" of Mayolana Fermi, there are only angels and no devils.
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